Sanatan
Time Cycle
Author Kedi Ganapati
✦ Table of Contents ✦
The Foundation of Time
Parmeshwar First Ganapati has created various objects and subjects in the entire Hiranyagarbha according to the mathematical formulas of the speed and position of the celestial bodies. The position of celestial bodies remains the same for all human beings and creatures present on the earth; therefore, it is correct and scientific to calculate the time only on the basis of the movement of celestial bodies.
Time works differently for all living beings and humans. The speed of any substance, living being, or human affects its present time. When the speed of any object is high, the duration of time decreases, and when the speed of any object is low, the duration of time increases. The individual speed of all objects, organisms, and humans is different, but the speed and position of celestial bodies are fixed, so the measurement of time is done only on the basis of celestial bodies.
All celestial bodies keep moving in a cycle — starting from a point and finally returning to the same point. The measurement of time from this starting point is called the time cycle. The Sanatan time cycle has been created on the basis of the transit of celestial bodies, and because celestial bodies and their parameters are eternal, the calculation of the time cycle is eternal.
Celestial Revolutions
The Earth takes 1 day to rotate itself 360 degrees. The Moon takes 1 month to revolve around the Earth. The Earth takes 1 year to revolve around the Sun. The Sun takes 1 Yuga to revolve around the Krishna (Black Sphere). The Krishna takes 1 Chaturyuga to revolve around the Shukla (White Sphere). The Shukla takes 1 Manvantara to revolve around the Shubhra (Huge White Sphere). The Shubhra takes 1 Kalpa to revolve around the Vaikuntha — the centre of Hiranyagarbha.
Units of Time
Gana: The first unit of time is called Gana. When 3 Gana times pass, that period is called 1 Prana. After the death of a human, the mind element leaves in 1 Gana time, but the life element leaves the body in 3 Gana time, so the 3-Gana time period is called 1 Prana period.
Pal: When 24 Pranas pass, that period is called 1 Pal. The normal duration of the entire life of a microorganism is 1 Pal; hence, 1 Pal is called the unit of lifespan. The duration of 1 Pal is equal to 72 Ganas.
Hour: When 60 Pals pass, that period is called 1 second (Kshan). The minimum duration of a human's life is 1 second. When 60 seconds pass, that period is called 1 minute. When 60 minutes pass, that period is called 1 hour.
Day: The Earth takes 24 hours to rotate itself 360 degrees. In the Indian state of Maharashtra, a day is defined as the period from one sunrise to the next sunrise, which is approximately 24 hours. The duration of a day is fixed at 24 hours in all countries.
Month: When 2 Pakshas pass, that period is called a month — 30 days in total. When the moon transits from full moon to new moon, that period is called Krishna Paksha. When the moon transits from new moon to full moon, that period is called Shukla Paksha.
Year: When 12 months pass, that period is called a year. It takes 1 year for the Earth to revolve around the Sun. At the beginning of creation, the Sun was in the Ashwini constellation, so when the Sun transits in the Ashwini constellation, the year is considered to start.
The 12 Months and Their Origin
When the creation began and the time cycle started, the Sun was in the Ashwini constellation and the Moon was in the Chitra constellation, resulting in a full moon on Earth. Each month was named after the constellation in which the Moon was present on that month's full moon day.
The first month was named Chaitra (Moon in Chitra). The second month was named Vaishakh (Moon in Vishakha). The third month was named Jyeshtha (Moon in Jyeshtha). The fourth month was named Ashadha (Moon in Purvashada). The fifth month was named Shravan (Moon in Shravan). The sixth month was named Bhadrapada (Moon in Purvabhadrapada).
The seventh month was named Ashwin (Moon in Ashwini). The eighth month was named Kartik (Moon in Krittika). The ninth month was named Margashirsha (Moon in Mrigashira). The tenth month was named Paush (Moon in Pushya). The eleventh month was named Magha (Moon in Magha). The twelfth month was named Phalgun (Moon in Uttaraphalguni).
Kumbha Year and Moksha Year
Kumbha Year: When Jupiter transits in the Mrigashira constellation, it is called Kumbha Kaal. The year in which Kumbha Kaal occurs is called the Kumbha Year. During Kumbha Kaal, the connection of incarnation between Earth and Vaikuntha is established. All living beings and humans incarnate on Earth from Vaikuntha for the first time only during Kumbha Kaal. It takes 12 years for Jupiter to transit in the Mrigashira constellation after crossing all the constellations; hence, the Kumbha Year comes after every 12 years. According to the Western Gregorian calendar, the last Kumbh of the second phase of Kaliyuga was in the year 2025.
Moksha Year: When Saturn transits in a mysterious constellation, it is called Moksha Kaal. The year in which Moksha Kaal occurs is called the Moksha Year. In Moksha Kaal, the connection of incarnation between Earth and Heaven is established. The human who has attained Moksha incarnates from Earth to Heaven in the Moksha Year. It takes 30 years for Saturn to transit in that mysterious constellation; hence, the Moksha Year comes after every 30 years.
The Four Yugas
When 12,000 years of time pass, that period is called a Yuga. The Sun revolves around a celestial body called Krishna (Black Sphere), and it takes 1 Yuga for the Sun to complete this revolution. There are 4 Yugas: Satyug, Tretayug, Dwaparyug, and Kaliyug — each 12,000 years in duration.
In Satyuga, all 4 pillars of Sanatan Dharma — Dharma, Artha, Kaam, and Moksha — are present. In Tretayuga, only 3 pillars — Dharma, Artha, and Kaam — are present. In Dwaparyuga, only 2 pillars — Artha and Kaam — are present. In Kaliyuga, only 1 pillar — Kaam — remains, and the Satan Kalipurush dominates everywhere.
When Krishna (Black Sphere) transits in Aries, Satyuga begins. In Cancer, Tretayuga begins. In Libra, Dwaparyuga begins. In Capricorn, Kaliyuga begins. Currently, Krishna (Black Sphere) is transiting in Aquarius; hence Kaliyuga is ongoing. There are 4 phases of a Yuga, each 3,000 years. The third phase of Kaliyuga began on 14th April 2025 — meaning 6,000 years of Kaliyuga have been completed.
Chaturyuga, Manvantar and Kalpa
Chaturyuga: When the period of all 4 Yugas — Satyug, Tretayug, Dwaparyug, and Kaliyug — passes, that period is called Chaturyuga. Krishna (Black Sphere) revolves around Shukla (White Sphere) in 4 Yugas. In one Chaturyuga, the Earth revolves around the Sun 48,000 times. One Chaturyuga is 48,000 years.
Manvantar: When 6 Chaturyugas pass, that period is called Manvantar. Shukla (White Sphere) revolves around Shubhra (Huge White Sphere) — the centre point of the universe — in 24 Yugas. In one Manvantar, the Earth revolves around the Sun 288,000 times. One Manvantar is 288,000 years.
Kalpa: When 4 Manvantaras — Rising, Ancient, Middle, and Modern — pass, that period is called Kalpa. Shubhra (Huge White Sphere) revolves around Vaikuntha, the centre of Hiranyagarbha, in 4 Manvantaras. There are 96 Yugas in a Kalpa. In one Kalpa, the Earth revolves around the Sun 1,152,000 times. One Kalpa is 1,152,000 years.
Presently, the last Kaliyuga of the sixth Chaturyuga of Modern Manvantar is ongoing. When Shubhra (Huge White Sphere) transits in Aries, the duration of 1 Kalpa will be completed and a new Kalpa will begin — starting with the Rising Manvantar.
Note: This content represents a chapter from CODE – Core of Dharma Eternal, an 18-chapter work authored by Kedi Ganapati and published by Motilal Banarsidass Publications in 2025.
